Influences on the Constitution Essay Example Essay Example

Influences on the Constitution Essay Example Paper Influences on the Constitution Essay Introduction The Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787, by theConstitutional Conventionin Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, andratifiedby conventions in elevenStates. It went into effect on March 4, 1789. The historical influences behind the constitution included Aristotle, the Magna Carta, the writings of John Locke, and the English Bill of Rights from 1689. The Magna Carta was written in 1215.It was the first document to challenge the authority of the king, subjecting him to the rule of the law and protecting nobles from feudal abuse. When Englishmen went to the colonies they were given chartersthat guaranteed them and their heirs would â€Å"have and enjoy all liberties and immunities of free and natural subjects. † The document clearly stated that no free man could be prosecuted by any means other than the law of the land. The Magna Carta’s fundamental rights and principles included due process of law and trial by jury.Taking a cue from the document more than five centuries l ater, American revolutionaries incorporated many of the Magna Carta’s basic ideas into another important piece of parchment – the U. S. Constitution. Another important document was the Mayflower Compact. Drawn up by the 41 adult males from the Mayflower, the new settlers from Plymouth created a contractwith fair and equal laws, for the â€Å"general good†. They had traveled across the ocean on the ship Mayflower which was anchored in what is now Provincetown Harbor near Cape Cod, Massachusetts.The Mayflower settlers knew from previous attempts without some type of government theywould fail. It allowed them to practice Protestant instead ofthe Church ofEngland and other liberties without command. The Mayflower Compact was drawn up with fair and equal laws, for the general good of the settlement and with the will of the majority. The Constitution was based on the same principles of the Mayflower Compact. All men are created equal and endowed with unalienable right s.Agreed to by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777 and in effect after ratification by Maryland, March 1 1781, theArticles of Confederationserved as a bridge between the initial government by the Continental Congress of the Revolutionary period and the federal government provided under theConstitution for the United Statesin effect March 4, 1789. It was an agreement among the 13 founding states that established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states. The Articles were replaced with the US Constitution.The new Constitution provided for a much stronger national government with a chief executive (the president), courts, and a federal Congress. The Northwest Ordinance was an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States passed July 13, 1787. The primary effect of the ordinance was the creation of the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Oh io River, and east of the Mississippi River.Arguably the single most important piece of legislation passed by members of the earlier Continental Congresses other than the Declaration of Independence, it established the precedent by which the federal government would be sovereign and expand westward across North America with the admission of new states, rather than with the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation.The Northwest Ordinance laid out the details of the admission process. When a territory reached 60,000 people it could create a constitution and apply for statehood. This procedure was first applied to Ohio in 1803, and served as a continuing model for the remainder of the United States.Many of the guarantees in the Constitution and Bill of Rights were anticipated by the Northwest Ordinance: Freedom of religion, Habeas corpus, the right to bail and trial by jury, no cruel and unusual punishment, right to enter freely into private contracts and right to compensation for eminent domain The Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the 13 American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire.American presidents and civil rights leaders have invoked it throughout our history. The Declaration of Independence remains the most succinct statement of America’s constitutional ideals. Within the context of our country’s history, the document articulated those constitutional values which had relevance for all mankind. Constitution-makers throughout the world referred to the document in precisely such terms during the past two hundred years. Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher best known for his work on political philosophy.He wrote the book â€Å"Leviathan† which established the foundation for most of Western political philos ophy from the perspective of social contract theory. Hobbes’s view of society and its leaders was founded on pessimism. He saw people as weak and selfish, and thus in constant need of the governance that could save them from destruction. These ideas profoundly affected the Federalists during the early formation of U. S. law. The Federalists turned to Hobbes’s work for justification for passage of the U. S.Constitution as well as for intellectual support for their own movement in the years following that passage. Today, Hobbes is read not only for his lasting contributions to political-legal theory in general but for the ideas that helped shape U. S. history. John Locke was a British philosopher, Oxford academic and medical researcher. Locke’s monumental An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689) is one of the first great defenses of empiricism and concerns itself with determining the limits of human understanding in respect to a wide spectrum of topics.Locke exercised a profound influence on political philosophy, in particular on modern liberalism. Thomas Jefferson adopted some of John Locke’s ideas in to the constitution such as; The four basic rights: life, liberty, equality, and pursuit of happiness; The representatives: The government arises from the consent of the governed; the power of government should be distributed among different institution; The responsibility of government must protect those rights; if the government infringes those rights, it needs to be changed.Locke was involved in the writing of the fundamental constitution of the Carolinas. Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, helped draft the Declaration of Independence and the U. S Constitution, and negotiated the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which marked the end of the Revolutionary War. He was suspicious of strong central governments and governors, be they kings or presidents. Franklin advocated a three-person presidential committ ee rather than having a single president.Of the proposal to have a one-man president, he said, â€Å"The government is likely to be well-administered for a course of years, and can only end in despotism. † Alexander Hamilton was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He was chief of staff to General Washington, one of the most influential interpreters and promoters of the Constitution, the founder of the nation’s financial system, and the founder of the first American political party. He believed that elected officials needed to govern on behalf of people who were not educated enough to govern.Patrick Henry was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Patrick Henry was an American attorney and served as the 1st and 6th governor of Virginia. He was regarded as most influential champions of â€Å"Republicanism† and an invested promoter of the American Revolution and its fight for independence. He was notably remembered for his â€Å"Give me Li berty or Give me Death† speech. A radical democrat, he supported combining the executive and the legislative into a single elected body and opposed the Constitution. Thomas Jefferson was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.He was the 3rd President of the United States and principal author of the Declaration of Independence. He also represented Virginia in the â€Å"Continental Congress†. He believed that the preservation of natural rights and consent of the governed was a crucial part of the social contract. The views of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson compare and contrast in many different ways. Here we describe a few. In comparison, Hamilton and Jefferson foresaw the new nation as a great future power, and both had very different maps of how to get it there.Both were members of George Washington’s cabinet. In contrast, Jefferson believed the nation’s strength lay in its agricultural roots. He favored an agrarian nation with most powe rs reserved for the states. He was very opposed to a strong central authority and believed that the people were the final authority in government. Jefferson also encouraged active support for the French Revolution. Hamilton favored a strong central authority. He believed a strong government was necessary to provide order so that business and industry could grow.He envisioned America becoming an industrial power. To this end he sought to establish a national bank and fund the national debt in order to establish firm base for national credit. Hamilton believed that the government should be run by those who were educated and wealthy rather than by â€Å"the mob. † Reference : http://www. archives. gov/exhibits/featured_documents/magna_carta/ http://www. livescience. com/2458-magna-carta-changed-world. html http://www. barefootsworld. net/aoc1777. html http://www. americanhistoryusa. com/northwest-ordinance-1787-effects/) Influences on the Constitution Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

WHITE NIGHTS AND POLAR LIGHTS essays

WHITE NIGHTS AND POLAR LIGHTS essays 1. How important is the acquisition of Russian Oil to a Western oil firm? How would you value the worth of this acquisition for different companies? Lets first take a look at the natural advantage of investment in oil industry in Russia. Russia is the worlds largest single producer of crude petroleum. Its reserves of petroleum were the seventh largest in the world and its reserves of natural gas the largest. Moreover, Russia is located directly next to the lucrative European and Japanese markets and boasted an existing network of pipelines and refineries capable of serving Western Europe. Investment in Russian oil seemed relatively free of the currency constraints that dogged other potential investments since oil exports could presumably be priced and sold in hard currency. But in the middle of 1990s, the political risk increased. The government had passed measures taxing foreign owned ventures nearly to the point of bankruptcy. With the unravelling of Soviet Union, the oil market was reopened to the outside world and permitted to woo foreign investment again. To facilitate investment, the law that allowed for foreign participation in the exploration of natural resources, granting a legal right for joint ventures with 30% or greater foreign participation to export 100% of their oil, stipulating only that exploration and extraction licenses be granted on the basis of public bid or auction had been passed. Despite rapid attempts to create a Western-style legal frame work, Russias legal system remained underdeveloped, lacking any serious foundation of contract, property, or corporate law. No Western investor could be confident of how the laws would be interpreted, or on what grounds legal decisions would be made. Tax was also a big problem bothered foreig n investors. The Russian Subcommittee on Taxation acknowledged that taxes absorbed roughly 52% of the gross revenues of petroleum projects or even as high as 75% ...

Adidas And Reebok Core Competencies Marketing Essay

Adidas And Reebok Core Competencies Marketing Essay Introduction: This reported is presented with intent to draw would the comparison in the marketing communication strategies and mix adopted by the shoes brands Adidas and Reebok. The dual brands are functioning in a non-monopolistic global market environment which imposes the need to be market savvy and creative on the part of the business houses such as Adidas, Reebok and many other established brands to not only retain their existing market segment but also grow into new market on a local, national and international plane. There is a pre-existing need to modify strategies in context to pricing, advertising, product lines, product quality and marketing communication strategies. Failure to do so on the part of the business houses could adversely affect the sales of the product and lead the company and the product to an undesirable state of declination. The fact cannot be denied that the athletic shoe brand market has been emerging to be extremely competitive and a few brand names su ch as Adidas, Reebok, Nike, Puma have successfully captured certain market segments. These brands recognise the need to retain their market position and work towards market growth in the process. Adidas and Reebok, for the sake of exemplification have proven the fact that besides high quality products, a good market communication strategy and mix is vital for survival and simultaneous growth in a market which is constantly driven by a competitive atmosphere. I intent to utilize the following techniques to present a comparative analysis on the strategies adopted by Adidas and Reebok: Primary Research: Consumers would be interviewed and data compiled would be analyzed and inferences would be drawn on that basis. Secondary Research: Secondary Research would be gathering, analysing and segregation of data from websites, business journals and books. Business Analytical Tools: S.W.O.T. Analysis, Marketing Mix Market and Literature Review: Adidas: The German National Adolp Dassler could be credited with the creation of the phenomenal brand â€Å"Adidas†. His nickname â€Å"Adi† and the first syllable of his last name â€Å"Das† put together created the brand name â€Å"Adidas†. History states that Adolf was a shoe fanatic who spent several hours in his workshop designing shoes with intent to perfect it and to surpass anyone in this line of work. His dedication towards his cause led to the creation of this brand which in today’s day and age is the second best global athletic shoe brand commanding a market position of 33% internationally after Nike. This brand came in to limelight with the 1926 Olympic Games wherein the sport star of the Games Jesse Owens wore Adidas shoes which performing at the Olympics. This led to instant recognition of this brand and soon the sales was reported to have gained huge momentum. The Olympic Games was the most crucial turning point in the history of the brand Adidas. From then on, Adidas, the Business house has been essentially sponsoring Global Sports Events, Olympic Games and many such events and has amassed mass popularity for their product lines. This strategy of the organization has helped the brand gain great worldwide media coverage for their product lines and the sales have been reported to grow in continuity.

Week 2 discussion and participation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 2 discussion and participation - Essay Example The author of the article claims that the basic principle is focus. A great example illustrated in the article regarding focus was the case of Dell Corporation. Dell was able to penetrate the computer marketplace and increase its market share by focusing on the direct sales marketplace. The acronym developed the authors of the article was very practical. FOCVS is the acronym created in the article. The FOCVS system can be used by marketers to implement marketing strategies. F stands for first. It is common marketing knowledge that the first company that penetrates a marketplace will built a competitive advantage over the competition. O stands for do the opposite. Marketers can differentiate themselves by doing the opposite of the competition. C stands for category dominance. When marketers concentrate on one category of products they can build greater organizational knowledge which helps innovate within its category. V stand for visualizing the market. The use of a great image for a product can enable marketers to captivate the minds of its clientele. The last letter stands for second brands. More brands give marketers more options. The carnival cruise line presentation provided a lot of valuable knowledge for marketing students. Customer centricity allows companies to achieve a better relationship between the company and the clients. The use of segmentation is a great way for marketers to identify the customer attributes that can add value to a firm. For example if the demographics of a country are that 60% of populations are women companies should develop more consumer products for females. The marketing metrics calculated by the marketing department must be used as tools to implement marketing tactics. The performance of the marketing department is greater when strategies can be implemented faster. Segmentation is a marketing strategy that can provide a lot value to the customers. Segmentation can be used by

The European Court of Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The European Court of Human Rights - Essay Example This is with the respect that human rights and freedoms should be upheld and respected at all costs. In some instances, the European Court of Human Rights has come under sharp scrutiny and focus. This is a direct result of its overall mandate, jurisdictional application and accrued results (Mignon, 2012). This paper will dissect an article on the European Court of Human Rights. It will provide an in depth analysis and summation of the article with the aim of synthesizing the author’s thoughts. It should be realized that the need and respect for international justice and reprieve was one of the leading building blocks of the European Court of Human Rights. As a direct result, the pressure that the court faces over the years has created scenarios where the United Kingdom has opted to drop out of the convention. The court is experiencing fierce battles with many terming it a gross violator of human rights. This is a direct result of the many rulings and judgments made that favor terrorists and prisoners at the expense of ordinary people (Smith & Van-Der-Anker, 2005). In other instances, the court has been observed to blatantly ignore common sense in many of its rulings. During the formation of the court, Sir Winston Churchill envisioned a judicial process that could never interrupted. This was an emergent need as many governments had submerged many of their judicial ideals in totalitarianism and dictatorship. Churchill’s ideology was highly strengthened as the world watched the disaster that claimed lives during the Nazi regime. The court gained powers and support to ensure that it could adequately deal with such international injustices (Mignon, 2012). It is not possible to ignore the amount of work that has been concluded by the court. The court has set historical rulings at both individual and national level. This has guaranteed many people in Europe, rights and privileges that they could not previously attain. Despite this, there is a frenzy of r eactions that have decried the decisions arrived at by the court. In an analytical way, the author states that there are instances where the court has shrugged off external opinions regarding judicial interpretation (Smith & Van-Der-Anker, 2005). This is especially in cases where the court is seen to have handed down an unpopular judgment. In other areas, it has been observed that the court has failed to offer compensation to plaintiffs that rightfully deserved compensation. This is one of the reasons why the change of laws to counter the court’s rigidity has been presented by external pressures. The back log of cases that the court is experiencing is a direct result of the lengthy periods that take to interpret laws (Mignon, 2012). This results in inefficiency as speedy judgments are made without due consideration for all the required legal proceedings. In other areas, the court struggles to apply existing laws to new states. This is because the laws may not be directly appl icable in the new states. In conclusion, the author accepts that the creation of the European Court of Human Rights was a formidable idea. Over the years, the court has deliberated on a lot of issues. This is a direct result of law application and understanding (Keller & Sweet, 2008) . However, despite this positive strides, there a few areas that have been left behind. As a result, laws have been misinterpreted, a myriad of cases pending, threats of

Comparing Equality in Henry James The Turn of the Screw and Edith Whar

The Theme of Equality in Henry James' The Turn of the Screw and Edith Wharton's The Lady's Maid's Bell Henry James' The Turn of the Screw and Edith Wharton's "The Lady's Maid's Bell" share a common theme: all people are equal. Both authors generate this theme by bridging class barriers with a generous master and mistress who have revolutionary ideas. Although circumstances differ in both stories, the common theme remains easily discernable with the words and actions of both Mrs. Brympton in "The Lady's Maid's Bell" and the young master, Miles in The Turn of the Screw. Through their friendship, trust, and eventual love for their servants, both the master and mistress prove their modern thoughts of equality between servants and higher classes. Mrs. Brympton establishes a relationship of friendship and equality with Miss Hartley from the beginning, and their friendship resembles that of Mrs. Brympton and her former maid, Emma, whom she dearly loved. Even Mrs. Railton, who mentions the job offer to Hartley, asserts that "[Mrs. Brympton] wants a maid that can be something of a companion" (Wharton 13). Upon employment, Hartley discovers for herself that "Mrs. Brympton [is] the kindest of ladies" (Wharton 15). Something about Mrs. Brympton's nature seems to insinuate an equality between her maid and herself from the beginning because the mistress shows natural compassion and humanity toward all of her servants. Mrs. Blinder, another servant, describes the loyal relationship between Mrs. Brympton and Emma, her previous handmaid: "My mistress loved her like a sister" (Wharton 17). This love between higher and lower classes remains extremely rare in the Victorian Era, and even the mistress, Mrs. Brympton, realizes this; consequent ... ...e master and the mistress stand by their convictions, and their relationships with servants reflect such an equality. Both Mrs. Brympton and young Miles even grow to love their servants and confide in them, which testifies that they are treated as more than equal peers. In Henry James' The Turn of the Screw and Edith Wharton's "The Lady's Maid's Bell" servants become equal citizens due to the nature of their master or mistress, and the theme rings clearly through both works, which becomes the concept that all classes of people are equal. Works Cited James, Henry. The Turn of the Screw. Boston: Bedford Books, 1995. Robbins, Bruce. "'They don't much count, do they?': The Unfinished History of The Turn of the Screw." The Turn of the Screw. Boston: Bedford Books, 1995. 268-96. Wharton, Edith. "The Lady's Maid's Bell." New York: Simon & Schuster, 1973. 12-35.

Literature Review and Conceptyal Framework

Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW 1 Literature Review and Conceptual Framework Juvenile Diversion Programs/IPS Julie I Carter Capella University PSF8374-Currenr Research on Violent Behavior Dr.Rob Hanser LITERATURE REVIEW 2 Literature Review and Conceptual Framework History The history of diverting arrested juveniles from formal processing began with the birth of the juvenile courts. Conceived in the late 19th century, juvenile justice provided for a rehabilitation-based response to juveniles’ illegal behavior.Punitive sanctions being received by youth in criminal courts were being set aside in the juvenile courts. Thus, in its infancy, juvenile justice could be construed as a â€Å"diversion program†. Considered to be in the best interest of the juvenile and society, juvenile justice diverted youth from criminal proceedings by providing dispositions that were more attuned to the potential to change the young offender’s behavior, and lives through clinical servi ces, special rehabilitation programs, and tight educational guidance. (Models, 2010) First adopted by the adult criminal justice system, was the idea of diversion.This idea became the topic of discussion within the juvenile justice system in the 1960’s. The President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice recommended exploring alternatives for addressing the needs of troubled juveniles outside of the court system in 1967. In 76, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Special Emphasis Branch supplied 10 million dollars in funding specifically for the development of diversion programs. These efforts were strictly driven by the belief that these types of programs would yield many enefits, such as allowing juveniles the option to choose an alternative to court, providing more treatment at the community level, increasing family participation, and most important, reducing the â€Å"stigma† associated with the formal juvenile j ustice system. (Models, 2010) As diversion has been practiced and even discussed for nearly four decades, some would contend that there is little consistency in the terms of what actually constitutes a diversion process or program, they do however agree on the common goal among these programs which is to minimize the juveniles’ involvement in the juvenile justice system.LITERATURE REVIEW 3 Theoretical Concepts As measured by program evaluations and follow-up studies, the effectiveness of diversion programs has varied greatly from one program to the next. The successful programs, such as the Intensive Prevention Services (IPS) initiative in Philadelphia, provide very direct services that include but are not limited to parenting education, intensive family counseling, and behavioral contracting.One of the main concepts that gave birth to the development of this program was the labeling perspective. This theory or perspective, if you will, argues that juveniles who commit mino r offences become habitual offenders due to being singled out for negative recognition. This has been noted as creating and reinforcing the juvenile’s, as well as society’s view, that they are criminals. Diversion programming then is designed to assist in avoiding these negative labels that accompany formal case processing. Roberts, 2004) In 1979, Paternoster, et al. explored the extent to which juveniles discriminate between formal court processing that results in incarceration and informal diversion processing with reference to perceptions of accrued stigma and/or liabilities. The perception of the juveniles was measured in terms of school performance; parental relationships, relationships with peers; desired employment, and future involvement with the law. (Blomberg, n. d. The findings indicated only in the peer relationships area was there a notable difference between the perceptions of diverted and incarcerated juveniles. When control was made for the effects of p rior social liabilities, such as social class or race, the results remained constant. Therefore one could conclude that to the extent perceptions of stigma have implications for subsequent behavior, it makes little difference whether or not juveniles receive diversion or formally imposed jail time.In simple terms, the type of treatment would appear to not be significant in shaping self-perceptions. (Blomberg, n. d. ) LITERATURE REVIEW 4 Supporters of diversion continue to argue that programs are less stigmatizing than formal court involvement, provide juveniles with services that they would not have otherwise received, and result in reductions in the rate of recidivism.In contrast, opponents argue that diversion programs have extended social control to juveniles who would ordinarily be released back to the community, may actually increase recidivism, do not prevent stigmatation, and can lead to the disproportionate representation of minorities. As Akers (1994) explains, the labelin g theory pushes forward the thesis that persons who are labeled and/or dramatically stigmatized as deviant, are more than likely to take on a deviant self-identity and become more, rather than less deviant than if they had not been so labeled.Theoretically, a label of deviant, juvenile offender or delinquent can affect the way that a juvenile comes to define him/herself which influences future criminal behaviors, and dictates the social roles the juvenile is allowed to assume. (Dick, Pence, Jones & Geertsen, 2004) With that noted, some research has also suggested that diversion actually increases recidivism, however early studies found little or no difference in the recidivism rates between diverted and non-diverted youth.Yet still others have found that, regardless of the setting, interventions can as well increase â€Å"perceived† labeling and self-reported delinquency among youth. (Elliott, Dunford & Knowles, 1978) What was found to be consistent with the last group of fin ding was the work done latter by Lemet (1981) that suggest that these treatment interventions can impose stigma on juveniles which leads to secondary deviance. This study would be responsible for raising the possibility that diversion programs may widen the net of the state system by taking in juveniles who otherwise may have not come into contact with the system.What is important to point out here is that many of these studies were flawed due to the difficulties researchers encountered when constructing comparison groups for the purpose of evaluation. LITERATURE REVIEW 5 Contemporary Research There have been so many different policies called â€Å"diversion† that the term has come to cover polices as diverse as doing nothing to programs indistinguishable from the existing practices of juvenile justice.While these policies have produced better procedural justice for juveniles, reduced the detained and institutionalized population of juveniles placing them under the jurisdict ion of state and/or local family service agencies, these polices have not resulted in the intended changes in the behaviors of the diverted youth. (Akers & Sellers, 2009) Recent studies on diversion programs have produced more positive results. In fact, in a study of the Detention Diversion Advocacy Project it was found that juveniles that were diverted to diversion programs were less likely than their counterparts to be referred to out-of-home placement. Sheldon, 1999) In Michigan an evaluation of their state diversion project yielded that juveniles that were randomly assigned to one of the several diversion program strategy groups were significantly less likely to have any court petitions filed against them during the two years following release from the program compared to the control group. The results shown here cannot help but suggest that the â€Å"active† hands on intervention provided by diversion programming works better that the normal process of court processing j uvenile offenders. The catch, it works best if they have been thoroughly separated from the system. Davidson, Redner, Blakely, Mitchell & Emshoff, 1987) There is a wealth of evaluations of pretrial diversionary programs, and more comprehensive literature about the pretrial diversion field is dated. One of the critical challenges noted for the criminal justice field is developing and cataloging an appropriate research design for diversion programs. Researchers in the field need to actively pursue this challenge in order to determine the scope, as well as the worth of diversion programming in the criminal justice community. (Bellassai, Galloway.Hubbard, Oeller & Sayler, 2006) LITERATURE REVIEW 6 In Philadelphia, there are several emerging practices in the diversion program initiative. First they have implemented written policies and procedures for diversion programs that are backed by a formal mission statement. This is deemed as critical as a clearly defined and articulated mission statement, goals, and objectives are the cornerstone of effective programs.In a survey conducted by the National Association of Pretrial Services Agencies, nearly 90% of all respondents in their study had written policies and procedures in place. (Bellassai et al. , 2006) Nationwide, pretrial diversion concepts have found increased legitimacy. Nearly all states now have pretrial statues that have either been enacted or updated since 2000, and are as diverse as diversion programs themselves. Diversion program today tend to feature a wider array of programs that are more diverse than their predecessors in practice, and administrative location.However, these programs are still united by the ultimate goal of offering viable alternatives to juveniles whose criminal behaviors are addressed much more effectively outside the realm of traditional case processing. (Bellassai, 2006) Recommendations The biggest challenge to pretrial diversion programs and criminal justice planners is the lack of the strong research that is needed in the field.One accomplishment of such a broad-based study would be the examination of the nature of the relationship with the theory of labeling and the potential synergy within the current problem-solving court model. The benefit here would come as such a study would be enumerable and provide an evidenced-based foundation for communities to make sound decisions about diversion programming. (Bellassai. 2006) LITERATURE REVIEW 7 References Akers, R.L. & Sellers, C. S. (2009) Criminological Theories. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Bellassai, J. , Galloway, K. , Hubbard, A. , Oeller, C. & Sayler, J. (2006) Promising practices in pretrial diversion. Retrieved November 10, 2012 from http://www. ojp. usdoj. gov/BJA/about/index. html Blomberg, T. G. (n. d. ) Widening the net: An anomaly in the evaluation of diversion programs. Retrieved November, 9, 2012 from http://www. criminology. fsu. edu/crimtheory/blomberg/netwidening. html Davidson, W. S. , Redner, R. , Blakely, C. H. Mitchell, C. M. & Emshoff, J. G. (1987) Diversion of juvenile Offenders: An experimental comparison. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 55(1) 68-75 Dick, A. J. , Pence, D. J. , Jones, R. M. & Geertsen, H. R. (2004) The need for theory in assessing peer courts. American Scientist 47:1448-61 Elliot, D. S. , Dunford, F. W. & Knowles, B. A. (1978) A Study of Alternative Processing Practices: An Overview of Initial Study Findings. Boulder, CO: B. R. Institute Models for Change Systems: Reform in Juvenile Justice, July 2010.Retrieved from http://www. modelsforchange. net Paternoster, R. , Waldo, G. , Chiricos, T. & Anderson, L. (1979) The Stigma of Diversion: Labeling in the Juvenile Justice System. Beverly Hills. CA: Sage Publications Roberts, A. R. (2004) Emergence and proliferation of juvenile diversion programs. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Sheldon, R. G. (1999) Detention Diversion Advocacy: An Evaluation. Juvenile Justice Bulletin . Washington, D. C. : U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile and Delinquency Prevention.