Comparing Equality in Henry James The Turn of the Screw and Edith Whar

The Theme of Equality in Henry James' The Turn of the Screw and Edith Wharton's The Lady's Maid's Bell Henry James' The Turn of the Screw and Edith Wharton's "The Lady's Maid's Bell" share a common theme: all people are equal. Both authors generate this theme by bridging class barriers with a generous master and mistress who have revolutionary ideas. Although circumstances differ in both stories, the common theme remains easily discernable with the words and actions of both Mrs. Brympton in "The Lady's Maid's Bell" and the young master, Miles in The Turn of the Screw. Through their friendship, trust, and eventual love for their servants, both the master and mistress prove their modern thoughts of equality between servants and higher classes. Mrs. Brympton establishes a relationship of friendship and equality with Miss Hartley from the beginning, and their friendship resembles that of Mrs. Brympton and her former maid, Emma, whom she dearly loved. Even Mrs. Railton, who mentions the job offer to Hartley, asserts that "[Mrs. Brympton] wants a maid that can be something of a companion" (Wharton 13). Upon employment, Hartley discovers for herself that "Mrs. Brympton [is] the kindest of ladies" (Wharton 15). Something about Mrs. Brympton's nature seems to insinuate an equality between her maid and herself from the beginning because the mistress shows natural compassion and humanity toward all of her servants. Mrs. Blinder, another servant, describes the loyal relationship between Mrs. Brympton and Emma, her previous handmaid: "My mistress loved her like a sister" (Wharton 17). This love between higher and lower classes remains extremely rare in the Victorian Era, and even the mistress, Mrs. Brympton, realizes this; consequent ... ...e master and the mistress stand by their convictions, and their relationships with servants reflect such an equality. Both Mrs. Brympton and young Miles even grow to love their servants and confide in them, which testifies that they are treated as more than equal peers. In Henry James' The Turn of the Screw and Edith Wharton's "The Lady's Maid's Bell" servants become equal citizens due to the nature of their master or mistress, and the theme rings clearly through both works, which becomes the concept that all classes of people are equal. Works Cited James, Henry. The Turn of the Screw. Boston: Bedford Books, 1995. Robbins, Bruce. "'They don't much count, do they?': The Unfinished History of The Turn of the Screw." The Turn of the Screw. Boston: Bedford Books, 1995. 268-96. Wharton, Edith. "The Lady's Maid's Bell." New York: Simon & Schuster, 1973. 12-35.

Literature Review and Conceptyal Framework

Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW 1 Literature Review and Conceptual Framework Juvenile Diversion Programs/IPS Julie I Carter Capella University PSF8374-Currenr Research on Violent Behavior Dr.Rob Hanser LITERATURE REVIEW 2 Literature Review and Conceptual Framework History The history of diverting arrested juveniles from formal processing began with the birth of the juvenile courts. Conceived in the late 19th century, juvenile justice provided for a rehabilitation-based response to juveniles’ illegal behavior.Punitive sanctions being received by youth in criminal courts were being set aside in the juvenile courts. Thus, in its infancy, juvenile justice could be construed as a â€Å"diversion program†. Considered to be in the best interest of the juvenile and society, juvenile justice diverted youth from criminal proceedings by providing dispositions that were more attuned to the potential to change the young offender’s behavior, and lives through clinical servi ces, special rehabilitation programs, and tight educational guidance. (Models, 2010) First adopted by the adult criminal justice system, was the idea of diversion.This idea became the topic of discussion within the juvenile justice system in the 1960’s. The President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice recommended exploring alternatives for addressing the needs of troubled juveniles outside of the court system in 1967. In 76, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Special Emphasis Branch supplied 10 million dollars in funding specifically for the development of diversion programs. These efforts were strictly driven by the belief that these types of programs would yield many enefits, such as allowing juveniles the option to choose an alternative to court, providing more treatment at the community level, increasing family participation, and most important, reducing the â€Å"stigma† associated with the formal juvenile j ustice system. (Models, 2010) As diversion has been practiced and even discussed for nearly four decades, some would contend that there is little consistency in the terms of what actually constitutes a diversion process or program, they do however agree on the common goal among these programs which is to minimize the juveniles’ involvement in the juvenile justice system.LITERATURE REVIEW 3 Theoretical Concepts As measured by program evaluations and follow-up studies, the effectiveness of diversion programs has varied greatly from one program to the next. The successful programs, such as the Intensive Prevention Services (IPS) initiative in Philadelphia, provide very direct services that include but are not limited to parenting education, intensive family counseling, and behavioral contracting.One of the main concepts that gave birth to the development of this program was the labeling perspective. This theory or perspective, if you will, argues that juveniles who commit mino r offences become habitual offenders due to being singled out for negative recognition. This has been noted as creating and reinforcing the juvenile’s, as well as society’s view, that they are criminals. Diversion programming then is designed to assist in avoiding these negative labels that accompany formal case processing. Roberts, 2004) In 1979, Paternoster, et al. explored the extent to which juveniles discriminate between formal court processing that results in incarceration and informal diversion processing with reference to perceptions of accrued stigma and/or liabilities. The perception of the juveniles was measured in terms of school performance; parental relationships, relationships with peers; desired employment, and future involvement with the law. (Blomberg, n. d. The findings indicated only in the peer relationships area was there a notable difference between the perceptions of diverted and incarcerated juveniles. When control was made for the effects of p rior social liabilities, such as social class or race, the results remained constant. Therefore one could conclude that to the extent perceptions of stigma have implications for subsequent behavior, it makes little difference whether or not juveniles receive diversion or formally imposed jail time.In simple terms, the type of treatment would appear to not be significant in shaping self-perceptions. (Blomberg, n. d. ) LITERATURE REVIEW 4 Supporters of diversion continue to argue that programs are less stigmatizing than formal court involvement, provide juveniles with services that they would not have otherwise received, and result in reductions in the rate of recidivism.In contrast, opponents argue that diversion programs have extended social control to juveniles who would ordinarily be released back to the community, may actually increase recidivism, do not prevent stigmatation, and can lead to the disproportionate representation of minorities. As Akers (1994) explains, the labelin g theory pushes forward the thesis that persons who are labeled and/or dramatically stigmatized as deviant, are more than likely to take on a deviant self-identity and become more, rather than less deviant than if they had not been so labeled.Theoretically, a label of deviant, juvenile offender or delinquent can affect the way that a juvenile comes to define him/herself which influences future criminal behaviors, and dictates the social roles the juvenile is allowed to assume. (Dick, Pence, Jones & Geertsen, 2004) With that noted, some research has also suggested that diversion actually increases recidivism, however early studies found little or no difference in the recidivism rates between diverted and non-diverted youth.Yet still others have found that, regardless of the setting, interventions can as well increase â€Å"perceived† labeling and self-reported delinquency among youth. (Elliott, Dunford & Knowles, 1978) What was found to be consistent with the last group of fin ding was the work done latter by Lemet (1981) that suggest that these treatment interventions can impose stigma on juveniles which leads to secondary deviance. This study would be responsible for raising the possibility that diversion programs may widen the net of the state system by taking in juveniles who otherwise may have not come into contact with the system.What is important to point out here is that many of these studies were flawed due to the difficulties researchers encountered when constructing comparison groups for the purpose of evaluation. LITERATURE REVIEW 5 Contemporary Research There have been so many different policies called â€Å"diversion† that the term has come to cover polices as diverse as doing nothing to programs indistinguishable from the existing practices of juvenile justice.While these policies have produced better procedural justice for juveniles, reduced the detained and institutionalized population of juveniles placing them under the jurisdict ion of state and/or local family service agencies, these polices have not resulted in the intended changes in the behaviors of the diverted youth. (Akers & Sellers, 2009) Recent studies on diversion programs have produced more positive results. In fact, in a study of the Detention Diversion Advocacy Project it was found that juveniles that were diverted to diversion programs were less likely than their counterparts to be referred to out-of-home placement. Sheldon, 1999) In Michigan an evaluation of their state diversion project yielded that juveniles that were randomly assigned to one of the several diversion program strategy groups were significantly less likely to have any court petitions filed against them during the two years following release from the program compared to the control group. The results shown here cannot help but suggest that the â€Å"active† hands on intervention provided by diversion programming works better that the normal process of court processing j uvenile offenders. The catch, it works best if they have been thoroughly separated from the system. Davidson, Redner, Blakely, Mitchell & Emshoff, 1987) There is a wealth of evaluations of pretrial diversionary programs, and more comprehensive literature about the pretrial diversion field is dated. One of the critical challenges noted for the criminal justice field is developing and cataloging an appropriate research design for diversion programs. Researchers in the field need to actively pursue this challenge in order to determine the scope, as well as the worth of diversion programming in the criminal justice community. (Bellassai, Galloway.Hubbard, Oeller & Sayler, 2006) LITERATURE REVIEW 6 In Philadelphia, there are several emerging practices in the diversion program initiative. First they have implemented written policies and procedures for diversion programs that are backed by a formal mission statement. This is deemed as critical as a clearly defined and articulated mission statement, goals, and objectives are the cornerstone of effective programs.In a survey conducted by the National Association of Pretrial Services Agencies, nearly 90% of all respondents in their study had written policies and procedures in place. (Bellassai et al. , 2006) Nationwide, pretrial diversion concepts have found increased legitimacy. Nearly all states now have pretrial statues that have either been enacted or updated since 2000, and are as diverse as diversion programs themselves. Diversion program today tend to feature a wider array of programs that are more diverse than their predecessors in practice, and administrative location.However, these programs are still united by the ultimate goal of offering viable alternatives to juveniles whose criminal behaviors are addressed much more effectively outside the realm of traditional case processing. (Bellassai, 2006) Recommendations The biggest challenge to pretrial diversion programs and criminal justice planners is the lack of the strong research that is needed in the field.One accomplishment of such a broad-based study would be the examination of the nature of the relationship with the theory of labeling and the potential synergy within the current problem-solving court model. The benefit here would come as such a study would be enumerable and provide an evidenced-based foundation for communities to make sound decisions about diversion programming. (Bellassai. 2006) LITERATURE REVIEW 7 References Akers, R.L. & Sellers, C. S. (2009) Criminological Theories. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Bellassai, J. , Galloway, K. , Hubbard, A. , Oeller, C. & Sayler, J. (2006) Promising practices in pretrial diversion. Retrieved November 10, 2012 from http://www. ojp. usdoj. gov/BJA/about/index. html Blomberg, T. G. (n. d. ) Widening the net: An anomaly in the evaluation of diversion programs. Retrieved November, 9, 2012 from http://www. criminology. fsu. edu/crimtheory/blomberg/netwidening. html Davidson, W. S. , Redner, R. , Blakely, C. H. Mitchell, C. M. & Emshoff, J. G. (1987) Diversion of juvenile Offenders: An experimental comparison. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 55(1) 68-75 Dick, A. J. , Pence, D. J. , Jones, R. M. & Geertsen, H. R. (2004) The need for theory in assessing peer courts. American Scientist 47:1448-61 Elliot, D. S. , Dunford, F. W. & Knowles, B. A. (1978) A Study of Alternative Processing Practices: An Overview of Initial Study Findings. Boulder, CO: B. R. Institute Models for Change Systems: Reform in Juvenile Justice, July 2010.Retrieved from http://www. modelsforchange. net Paternoster, R. , Waldo, G. , Chiricos, T. & Anderson, L. (1979) The Stigma of Diversion: Labeling in the Juvenile Justice System. Beverly Hills. CA: Sage Publications Roberts, A. R. (2004) Emergence and proliferation of juvenile diversion programs. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Sheldon, R. G. (1999) Detention Diversion Advocacy: An Evaluation. Juvenile Justice Bulletin . Washington, D. C. : U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile and Delinquency Prevention.

The Role Of Fascism, And Background Of Ernest Hemingway

What comes to mind about World War I when you think about it? Is it the constituent battle killing soldiers left and right or the unsanitary conditions the soldiers lived in? It’s safe to say World War I was one of the bloodiest battles of the 19th century, killing approximately 8 million soldiers in battle, and wounding a little over 21 million. Although this event is discussed widely throughout the country some don’t realize what all was involved with the war. Not only did the soldiers put their lives on the line but many individuals such as medical staff, ambulance drivers and pilots etc†¦did so, as well. Many countries were involved in world war one; throughout this essay the focus will remain on World War One, the role of fascism, and†¦show more content†¦Reading through the novel Fredrick Henry the main character of the story and also the ambulance driver was shot at and wounded by artillery fire while trying to retrieve a solider in the field. This part in the novel being similar to the incident that happened to Hemingway while doing his duties in war. Ernest Hemingway was born on July 28 1898 in Oak Park. Growing up Hemingway spent time hunting and fishing with his father and pursuing instruments such as the cello and signing in the church choir. Fast forwarding a couple years Hemingway found himself to be an exceptional scholar and athlete. After trying to run away from home twice Hemingway found his opportunity through enlisting in World War 1in 1917. Quick to get shut down because of his eye troubles he pursued a new career in being a reporter for the Kansas City Star. Soon after that Hemingway decided to take part in the Red Cross medical service, driving an ambulance around the Italian front. As his journey went on he then enlisted in Italian infantry which served on the Austrian Front. Shortly after the war ending Hemingway returned to Michigan and began writing fiction stories. Hemingway published his first book â€Å"Three stories and ten poems† in 1923. Six years later Hemingway published â€Å"A Farwell to Arms †. The novel told a story of the love between an English nurse and an American solider that quickly got ruined by the collapse of the war. Fascism is a reactionary and revolutionary